Zakat World Map
A country-by-country map of how zakat is organised, collected and distributed. Each country is coloured by its governance model: select one to read its profile.
Beta prototype. Data under verification.
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The map is a visual summary. Every mapped country on it is also listed, with its facts, in the table that follows it. Skip to the table of countries.
Governance model
- Mandatory public system
- Voluntary public system
- Hybrid public-private system
- NGO / charity-led system
- Fragmented / community-based system
- Under review / insufficient data
- Not mapped yet
- Faded: outside the current filters
Country profile
Algeria
Governance model: Voluntary public system
Algeria operates a voluntary public zakat system centered on the National Office of Awqaf and Zakat (ONWZ), under the supervision of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Wakfs. Collection is coordinated through a national framework involving mosques, postal payment channels, and local and provincial (wilaya) committees, which also participate in beneficiary identification and distribution. The public scheme operates alongside individual giving practices not covered by its institutional collection statistics.
- Centralization Level
- Level 5 Fully centralized national public body
- Apex Institution
- National Office of Awqaf and Zakat (ONWZ)
- Collection / Distribution
- Public collection / local distribution
- Shariah Supervision
- State religious authority
- Transparency Level
- Level 1 Website only
- Data Availability
- Level 3 Annual figures available, but limited disaggregation
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
- National Office of Awqaf and Zakat (ONWZ)
- Ministry of Religious Affairs and Wakfs
- National Zakat Fund (Sanduq Al-Zakat)
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
Algeria provides a case of nationally coordinated, voluntary public zakat administration with territorially organized collection and distribution mechanisms. Established through the Zakat Fund in 2003 and subsequently developed through the creation of the National Office of Awqaf and Zakat in 2021, the system combines ministerial supervision, mosque-based participation, and local committees involved in beneficiary identification and resource allocation.
The publication of annual institutional collection figures since 2003 provides a basis for examining the evolution of recorded zakat contributions over time. However, the absence of similarly accessible, disaggregated distribution accounts raises questions concerning financial traceability, reporting coverage, and the relationship between national coordination and territorial implementation. Algeria also offers a case for investigating how voluntary public collection mechanisms interact with individual giving practices and how emerging digital payment infrastructure may influence institutional participation and data collection.
NB1: "Voluntary Public System" describes the nationally coordinated public zakat scheme. Contributions to the public fund are voluntary, although zakat remains a religious obligation for eligible individuals. The classification does not imply that all zakat paid in Algeria passes through the public system.
NB2: "Fully centralized" refers to the existence of a national coordinating institution under ministerial supervision. Implementation remains territorially distributed through wilaya, local, and mosque-based committees. The category does not imply that beneficiary selection and redistribution are exclusively administered at the national level.
NB3: The reported DZD 1.65 billion for 2024 combines zakat al-mal and zakat al-fitr collected through the official scheme. Agricultural zakat appears as zero in the published series, without sufficient information to determine whether this reflects no recorded collection or incomplete reporting. The amount excludes unrecorded direct giving and should not be interpreted as total national zakat payments.
Collection (DZD, 2024):
Zakat al-mal: 858,492,987.29 (52.0%)
Zakat al-fitr: 791,020,078.50 (48.0%)
Agricultural zakat: Reported as zero
Total of non-zero reported categories: 1,649,513,065.79 (100%)
The most recent figures published for the Hijri year 1447 H—approximately DZD 1.04 billion for zakat al-mal and DZD 901.14 million for zakat al-fitr—are retained for reference. They do not replace the series for the calendar year 2024.
NB4: ONWZ publishes annual institutional collection figures extending back to 2003. However, complete annual audited financial statements, actual disbursement shares by asnaf, and consistently disaggregated distribution data have not been identified in the publicly accessible material reviewed. Historical allocation rules do not establish actual disbursement shares for 2024.
NB5: Figures published for the Hijri year 1447 H and ministerial statements concerning collection campaigns are not automatically comparable with the calendar-year series. Differences in reporting periods and collection categories must be verified before combining these observations.
Sources
- National Office of Awqaf and Zakat, Zakat Collection Results
- ONWZ, Institutional Presentation
- Ministry of Religious Affairs and Wakfs, Presentation of the Zakat Fund
- Algerian Official Gazette, Executive Decree No. 21-179 of May 3, 2021
- Ministry of Religious Affairs and Wakfs, Zakat Payment Guidance
- Office National des Statistiques, Principales tendances économiques en 2024
- UNCTADstat, Algeria Country Profile
- Algérie Confluences, article on the 2025 zakat collection campaign
Country profile
Egypt
Governance model: Hybrid public-private system
Egypt's zakat ecosystem combines voluntary public-religious institutions, locally organized zakat committees, nonprofit organizations, and direct personal giving. Bait Al-Zakat wa Al-Sadaqat operates under the supervision of the Grand Imam of Al-Azhar, while Nasser Social Bank oversees a separate network of community-based zakat committees. Neither institution administers all zakat payments nationwide.
- Centralization Level
- Level 3 Semi-public or hybrid system
- Apex Institution
- N/A
- Collection / Distribution
- Same entity collects and distributes
- Shariah Supervision
- State religious authority
- Transparency Level
- Level 2 Occasional reports
- Data Availability
- Level 2 Some reports or partial data
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
- Bait Al-Zakat wa Al-Sadaqat
- Al-Azhar Al-Sharif
- Nasser Social Bank
- Nasser Social Bank — Local Zakat Committees
- Ministry of Social Solidarity
- Dar Al-Ifta Al-Misriyyah
- Misr El-Kheir Foundation
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
Egypt illustrates the coexistence of formally established zakat institutions and decentralized, relationship-based redistribution practices. While Bait Al-Zakat operates under a dedicated legal framework and Nasser Social Bank supervises an extensive network of local committees, survey evidence points to the prevalence of direct giving through family and neighborhood networks.
This configuration provides a case for examining how public-religious institutions, community-based networks, and informal redistribution interact. It also raises questions concerning institutional coordination, the visibility of financial flows, and the relationship between statutory reporting requirements and publicly accessible data.
NB1: The classification Voluntary Public System accurately describes Bait Al-Zakat as an individual institution, whereas Hybrid Public-Private System better captures Egypt's broader zakat ecosystem. CIRIC retains the latter because its country classifications seek to reflect actual institutional and informal arrangements, rather than focusing exclusively on officially designated authorities.
NB2: No verified national zakat-only collection total has been identified. Nasser Social Bank reports EGP 1.738 billion in zakat-related resources for FY2024–2025, but this figure covers its affiliated network and may include other charitable contributions. It must not be interpreted as total national collection.
NB3: Egyptian legislation requires Bait Al-Zakat to produce and make available annual activity and financial reporting. However, a complete, independently verifiable series of its annual financial statements has not been identified through the publicly accessible sources reviewed. Nasser Social Bank publishes more detailed institutional figures, although national coverage remains incomplete.
NB4: Survey evidence collected in 2020 indicates widespread direct giving through personal networks, but does not establish the corresponding share of monetary flows. Although the principal institutions identify eligible recipient groups and program categories, no consolidated breakdown of actual disbursements across the eight asnaf has been verified.
Sources
- Egyptian Presidency (2014), Law No. 123/2014 establishing Bait Al-Zakat
- Bait Al-Zakat wa Al-Sadaqat, institutional website
- Bait Al-Zakat, programs and projects
- Nasser Social Bank, Annual Report 2024–2025
- Nasser Social Bank, Zakat Committees
- Gallien, M., Javed, U., & van den Boogaard, V. (2024), Zakat, Non-state Welfare Provision and Redistribution in Times of Crisis
- Dar Al-Ifta Al-Misriyyah
Country profile
India
Governance model: Fragmented / community-based system
India's zakat ecosystem is characterized by decentralized individual and community-based giving, alongside religious institutions, charitable organizations, and specialized digital platforms. Mosques, madrasas, local baitul mal networks, and nonprofits such as Zakat Center India and IndiaZakat contribute to collection and redistribution through different institutional arrangements. No nationwide public collection authority or consolidated national zakat reporting system has been identified.
- Centralization Level
- Level 1 Fragmented private/community actors
- Apex Institution
- N/A
- Collection / Distribution
- NGO collection / partner distribution
- Shariah Supervision
- External scholars
- Transparency Level
- Level 4 Annual report with financial and programmatic disaggregation
- Data Availability
- Level 2 Some reports or partial data
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
- Zakat Center India
- IndiaZakat
- Association of Muslim Professionals (AMP)
- Zakat Foundation of India
- Hyderabad Zakat & Charitable Trust
- All India Council of Muslim Economic Upliftment (AICMEU)
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
India provides a case of decentralized zakat administration within one of the world's largest Muslim-minority populations. Its institutional landscape combines direct personal giving, mosque-linked and religious educational networks, community-based baitul mal structures, specialized charities, and digital fundraising platforms. Research based on donor surveys indicates the continued significance of individual and community-based redistribution, while organizational reports document the development of formal mechanisms for collection, beneficiary verification, and assistance programs.
This coexistence provides a basis for examining how religious obligations are translated into collective institutional arrangements without a dedicated public zakat authority. The diversity of local networks and organized charities raises questions concerning institutional credibility, coordination, religious supervision, and the relationship between community-level knowledge and standardized administrative procedures. Recent survey research and institution-level financial reporting offer complementary evidence, although differences in coverage and measurement continue to limit national aggregation and the assessment of distribution outcomes.
NB1 — Governance classification: Fragmented/Community-based System reflects the coexistence of direct personal giving, mosque-linked networks, religious institutions, and independent charitable organizations. The classification differs from NGO/Charity-led System, which more specifically characterizes the country's organized nonprofit sector. Recent survey findings support the relevance of direct giving but do not establish a definitive nationwide monetary distribution across channels.
NB2 — Survey evidence: The 2019 AMP National Zakat Survey collected 4,589 online responses and reported a preference for direct and community-based giving among respondents. A 2026 Indiana University study surveyed 4,000 Muslims across eight Indian states and found that respondents allocated, on average, approximately 68% of their reported zakat to individuals and 28% to organizations. These surveys differ in sampling, period, and measurement; they should not be treated as directly comparable national estimates.
NB3 — National financial coverage: No verified nationwide zakat-only collection figure has been established. Several estimates reported in academic publications originate from historical calculations or organizational declarations without sufficiently accessible methodological documentation. They should not be interpreted as observed national collection or validated potential.
NB4 — Institutional reporting: Zakat Center India, IndiaZakat, and AMP Zakat Fund publish different forms of financial, programmatic, and operational information. These reports vary in accounting periods, organizational coverage, and classification of donations. AMP-related initiatives should not be aggregated without verification of potential overlaps.
NB5 — Religious supervision and allocation: Zakat Center India provides an external Shariah compliance certificate, while other organizations describe various advisory and verification arrangements. No uniform national supervisory system or verified financial breakdown across the eight asnaf has been identified. Program categories and beneficiary counts are not substitutes for actual religious-category allocation.
NB6 — Institutional and technological diversity: India's zakat ecosystem includes both long-established community networks and newer digital platforms. Proposals involving blockchain, beneficiary cards, and automated distribution represent potential institutional approaches, not necessarily implemented or empirically evaluated systems.
Sources
- Alam, S., & Ahmed, M. U. (2020), A Critique of Zakat Practices in India
- Intezar, M. T., & Zia, S. B. (2021), Zakat, SDGs, and Poverty Alleviation of Muslims in India
- Mohiuddin, A. G., & Abolola, I. M. S. (2025), Blockchain Technology for Efficient Zakat Management in India
- Muslim Philanthropy Initiative (2026), Muslim Philanthropy in India
- Association of Muslim Professionals (2019), National Zakat Survey
- Zakat Center India, Annual Report 2025
- IndiaZakat, Six-Year Achievements Report
- AMP Zakat Fund, historical and annual reports
- IndiaZakat, audited reports
- All India Council of Muslim Economic Upliftment
Country profile
Indonesia
Governance model: Voluntary public system
State-regulated hybrid zakat ecosystem centered on BAZNAS and legally recognized LAZ, combining public coordination with distributed civil-society collection and distribution.
- Centralization Level
- Level 4 Federal/state-level public system
- Apex Institution
- Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS)
- Collection / Distribution
- Collection separated from distribution
- Shariah Supervision
- State religious authority
- Transparency Level
- Level 3 Annual report available
- Data Availability
- Level 3 Annual figures available, but limited disaggregation
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
Indonesia is classified as a state-regulated hybrid zakat ecosystem. BAZNAS acts as the national apex institution, while provincial, district/city BAZNAS bodies and legally recognized LAZ form a broad operational network for collection and distribution. The system is highly institutionalized and data-rich, but its public financial reporting often aggregates zakat with infak, sedekah and other religious social funds, which requires careful interpretation for cross-country comparison.
NB: Indonesia’s figures often refer to ZIS-DSKL, an aggregate covering zakat, infak, sedekah and other religious social funds. For cross-country comparison, CIRIC distinguishes between total ZIS-DSKL flows and identifiable zakat-only components where available. Off-balance sheet flows are included in BAZNAS national reporting but are not always disaggregated by asnaf or instrument, which limits strict comparability with other national zakat systems.
Annual Collection Volume:
Rp26.13tn ZIS-DSKL, Semester I 2024 ≈ USD 1.65bn.
Identifiable zakat maal + zakat fitrah: Rp2.96tn, Semester I 2024 ≈ USD 186.9m.
Projected 2025 ZIS-DSKL collection: Rp50tn.
Collection as share of GDP:
Approx. 0.118% of GDP for Semester I 2024 ZIS-DSKL collection.
Approx. 0.013% of GDP for identifiable zakat maal + zakat fitrah, Semester I 2024.
Projected 2025 ZIS-DSKL collection ≈ 0.22% of 2025 GDP, subject to exchange-rate and scope caveats.
Sources
Country profile
Kuwait
Governance model: Voluntary public system
Kuwait operates a publicly administered zakat system centered on Kuwait Zakat House, an autonomous government institution supervised by the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs. The institution collects voluntary zakat and charitable contributions and distributes them through domestic and international programs, while a separate statutory levy applies to certain Kuwaiti companies under the Ministry of Finance.
- Centralization Level
- Level 3 Semi-public or hybrid system
- Apex Institution
- Kuwait Zakat House (Bait Al-Zakat)
- Collection / Distribution
- Same entity collects and distributes
- Shariah Supervision
- Internal Shariah board
- Transparency Level
- Level 4 Annual report with financial and programmatic disaggregation
- Data Availability
- Level 3 Annual figures available, but limited disaggregation
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
- Kuwait Zakat House (Bait Al-Zakat)
- Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs
- Ministry of Finance
- Zakat House Shariah Board
- Ministry of Social Affairs
- Kuwait Office for Charitable Projects
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
Kuwait provides a case of a government-administered zakat institution operating alongside statutory corporate contributions and other charitable actors. Its institutional architecture combines public oversight, an internal Shariah board, audited financial reporting, and domestic and international redistribution channels.
The distinction between voluntary contributions to Zakat House and legally required corporate payments offers a basis for examining how public authority, religious supervision, and financial administration interact. The case also raises questions concerning the relationship between institutional reporting, the allocation of zakat funds across recipient categories, and the comparability of public and charitable financial data.
NB1: The Voluntary Public System describes the general framework of Bait Al-Zakat. However, Law No. 46/2006 requires certain companies to contribute 1 percent of their net profits. This is a legal obligation distinct from the general religious obligation of zakat.
NB2: Data Confidence "Medium” is the rating for the country profile. The data on the main public authority and its 2023 revenue are robust, but national coverage remains incomplete, and religious breakdowns are unavailable.
Sources
- Kuwait Zakat House (2023). Annual Report 2023.
- State of Kuwait, Ministry of Finance.
- Kuwait Zakat House.
- Central Bank of Kuwait.
- Central Bank of Kuwait / Central Statistical Bureau.
- State of Kuwait (2025).
- UNHCR.
Country profile
Malaysia
Governance model: Voluntary public system
Malaysia is classified as a decentralized state-level public-religious zakat system. State Islamic Religious Councils and state-level zakat institutions act as apex authorities within their respective jurisdictions. Collection and distribution are integrated in many states, but separated in some cases.
- Centralization Level
- Level 4 Federal/state-level public system
- Apex Institution
- State Islamic Religious Councils
- Collection / Distribution
- Same entity collects and distributes
- Shariah Supervision
- State religious authority
- Transparency Level
- Level 2 Occasional reports
- Data Availability
- Level 4 Regular reports with collection/distribution data
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
Malaysia is classified as a decentralized state-level public-religious zakat system. State Islamic Religious Councils and state-level zakat institutions act as apex authorities within their respective jurisdictions. Collection and distribution are integrated in many states, but separated in some cases
NB: Malaysia’s zakat collection data are compiled from state-level institutions. The 2025 figure is partial because several states remain under update in the JAWHAR dataset. The 2023 figure is used as a provisional reference year for national comparison, although Perlis is not available. Potential zakat
Annual collection volume:
RM 4.47bn ≈ USD 981.1m, 2023, based on reported state-level JAWHAR data. Perlis not available.
2025 update:
RM 3.62bn ≈ USD 844.9m reported so far, but the 2025 series is incomplete because several states, including Selangor, remain under update.
Collection as share of GDP:
Approx. 0.245% of GDP, using 2023 current GDP and average 2023 exchange rate.
2025 partial collection as share of GDP:
Approx. 0.18% of 2025 GDP, but this should be displayed only as a lower-bound partial figure.
Zakat potential:
USD 3.01bn–7.26bn, 2004 model-based estimate from Shirazi et al. (2009), corresponding to 1.09%–2.62% of GDP depending on the zakat-base definition used.
Sources
- Malaysian State’s Zakat Report – Akademi Zakat (AZKA)
- World Bank
- Shirazi, N. S., Amin, M. F. B., & Anwar, T. (2009). Poverty elimination through potential Zakat collection in the OIC-member countries: Revisited [with Comments]. The Pakistan Development Review, 739-754.
Country profile
Morocco
Governance model: Fragmented / community-based system
Morocco's zakat ecosystem is primarily characterized by decentralized individual and community-based giving, without an identified nationwide operational collection authority. A Special Zakat Fund has existed within the public Treasury framework since 1980, but its establishment has not translated into a documented national collection mechanism. Religious guidance is provided at the national level, notably through the Supreme Council of Ulema, which issued a comprehensive zakat fatwa in October 2025.
- Centralization Level
- Level 1 Fragmented private/community actors
- Apex Institution
- N/A
- Collection / Distribution
- Unknown
- Shariah Supervision
- Unclear / not identified
- Transparency Level
- Level 0 No report identified
- Data Availability
- Level 1 Basic institutional information only
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
- Ministry of Economy and Finance
- General Treasury of the Kingdom (TGR)
- Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs
- Supreme Council of Ulema
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
Morocco illustrates the distinction between formal legal recognition, national religious guidance, and the institutional administration of zakat. Although a dedicated Treasury account was established in 1980, available evidence points to a system of redistribution largely organized through individual and community-based practices rather than a nationwide public collection structure. The publication of a comprehensive zakat fatwa by the Supreme Council of Ulema in October 2025 adds a further dimension to the country's normative framework without, in itself, establishing a centralized administrative mechanism.
The Moroccan case provides a basis for examining the relationship between religious guidance, individual giving preferences, and the potential institutionalization of zakat. Survey evidence highlights the role of personal networks and the relevance of transparency and trust in shaping attitudes toward a hypothetical public fund. Meanwhile, academic estimates of zakat potential illustrate the methodological challenges of translating aggregate economic indicators into zakatable wealth, particularly when comprehensive collection and distribution data are unavailable.
NB1: "Fragmented/Community-based System" reflects the decentralized nature of observed zakat practices. Although Morocco established a Special Zakat Fund within its Treasury framework in 1980, no operational nationwide public collection and distribution system has been verified. The fund remains listed in public budget documents, including the 2026 Finance Act, under the designation Mémoire. This does not establish either actual collections or their absence.
NB2: Available evidence on payment behavior relies notably on a 2020 survey of 1,500 Moroccan respondents, conducted by researchers affiliated with ICTD. The findings indicate the prevalence of direct giving through personal and community networks, but do not establish the monetary share handled by these channels. They should not be treated as a direct measurement of payment practices in 2026.
NB3: Haddad and El Mosaid (2024) estimate a theoretical potential of MAD 28.35–46.17 billion for 2022, corresponding to approximately 2.13–3.47% of GDP, using two alternative calculation methods. These figures are model-based rather than observed. Their interpretation is subject to substantial assumptions concerning zakatable assets, household gold holdings, eligibility thresholds, and the treatment of aggregate financial indicators. They should not be interpreted as expected or actual collection.
NB4: No consolidated national zakat collection, distribution, or audited financial reporting series has been identified. The absence of public financial data does not imply the absence of zakat payments, many of which may occur outside formal institutional channels.
NB5: The Supreme Council of Ulema provides national religious guidance, including the October 2025 zakat fatwa. However, no unified supervisory arrangement for the country's actual collection and distribution channels has been identified. Similarly, no verified breakdown of actual disbursements across the eight asnaf is available.
Sources
- Kingdom of Morocco, Finance Act 2026, Official Bulletin No. 7465 bis
- Kingdom of Morocco, Finance Act 2025, Official Bulletin No. 7362
- Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs / Supreme Council of Ulema (2025)
- Gallien, M., Remmal, S., Javed, U., & van den Boogaard, V. (2021). Would Moroccans accept a state zakat fund? Should they?
- Gallien, M., Javed, U., & van den Boogaard, V. (2023). Between God, the People, and the State: Citizen Conceptions of Zakat.
- Haddad, A. & El Mosaid, F. (2024). Estimation du potentiel de la Zakat au Maroc. International Journal of Research in Economics and Finance, 1(4), 37–57.
- Lahjouji, H., & Kahf, M. (2021). Poverty Alleviation Through Potential Zakat Collection: Case of Morocco. International Journal of Islamic Economics, 3(02), 164-176.
- Attak E. (2022). Contribution de la zakat à la lutte contre la pauvreté au Maroc : Essai d’estimation, Recherches et Applications en Finance Islamique, Volume 6, Numéro 2, pages : 219-237.
Country profile
Pakistan
Governance model: Hybrid public-private system
Pakistan has a formal state-administered zakat framework rooted in the Zakat and Ushr Ordinance, with public structures operating across central, provincial, district and local levels. However, recent survey evidence suggests that actual zakat payment is largely carried out through private direct giving rather than the state fund. This makes Pakistan a key case for studying the gap between legal institutionalization, public trust and effective redistribution.
- Centralization Level
- Level 4 Federal/state-level public system
- Apex Institution
- Central Zakat Council / Central Zakat Fund, with significant provincial implementation through Provincial Zakat Councils and Provincial Zakat Funds. Current apex arrangements should be verified because zakat administration has been substantially provincialized.
- Collection / Distribution
- Public collection / local distribution
- Shariah Supervision
- Unclear / not identified
- Transparency Level
- Level 2 Occasional reports
- Data Availability
- Level 2 Some reports or partial data
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
- Central Zakat Council / Central Zakat Fund
- Provincial Zakat Councils
- Provincial Departments of Zakat and Ushr
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
Pakistan matters because it combines a formal mandatory public zakat architecture with limited reliance on the public channel in actual practice. It is especially useful for studying the difference between legal obligation, institutional credibility, operational capacity and real-world giving behavior. Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa also shows that targeted public zakat spending can support sectoral outcomes, especially in education.
Sources
- Gallien, Javed & van den Boogaard / ICTD, 2025
- Auditor-General of Pakistan, Sindh Audit Report 2024–25
- Aziz, Y., Mansor, F., Waqar, S., & Zada, N. (2025). Zakat and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Assessing the Ripple Effect of Obligatory‐Alms Spending on Education. Empirical Evidence From Pakistan. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 19(1), e70006.
- Marenza, S. E., & Karimuddin, K. (2024). Zakat and waqf managament in indonesia and pakistan: a comparative study. Milkiyah: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 3(1), 43-52.
Country profile
Saudi Arabia
Governance model: Mandatory public system
Saudi Arabia is classified as a centralized national public zakat system. ZATCA acts as the apex authority for the collection and administration of zakat from liable business entities, while individual payments are facilitated through ZAKATY on a voluntary basis. Distribution is institutionally separated and linked to social-security channels under the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development.
- Centralization Level
- Level 5 Fully centralized national public body
- Apex Institution
- ZATCA
- Collection / Distribution
- Not documented yet
- Shariah Supervision
- National fatwa council
- Transparency Level
- Level 4 Annual report with financial and programmatic disaggregation
- Data Availability
- Level 5 Detailed multi-year, disaggregated, downloadable data
- Data Confidence
- High
Key institutions
Sources
Country profile
Türkiye
Governance model: Hybrid public-private system
Türkiye's zakat ecosystem combines voluntary collection through religiously affiliated foundations, independent humanitarian charities, mosques, and community-based initiatives. Türkiye Diyanet Foundation (TDV), a private-law foundation working closely with the public Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet), operates a nationwide zakat collection and distribution program alongside other nonprofit actors. No compulsory nationwide public zakat collection system or single apex authority has been identified.
- Centralization Level
- Level 3 Semi-public or hybrid system
- Apex Institution
- N/A
- Collection / Distribution
- NGO collection / partner distribution
- Shariah Supervision
- State religious authority
- Transparency Level
- Level 3 Annual report available
- Data Availability
- Level 2 Some reports or partial data
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
- Türkiye Diyanet Foundation (TDV)
- Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet)
- High Board of Religious Affairs (Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu)
- Directorate General of Foundations (Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü)
- Directorate General for Relations with Civil Society
- İHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation
- İDDEF
- Deniz Feneri Derneği
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
Türkiye provides a case of voluntary zakat administration combining public religious coordination with private-law foundations and independent humanitarian organizations. The cooperation between the Presidency of Religious Affairs and Türkiye Diyanet Foundation illustrates how a public religious institution can participate in organizing zakat collection and distribution without establishing a statutory national collection authority. Parallel charitable and community-based channels contribute to an institutionally plural ecosystem.
The availability of TDV's organization-level collection figures and annual activity reports offers opportunities to examine religious supervision, financial reporting, and domestic and international redistribution arrangements. At the same time, the absence of consolidated national zakat statistics limits the measurement of overall payment volumes and actual allocations across recipient categories. Recent academic research estimating Türkiye's theoretical zakat potential also provides a basis for investigating the relationship between existing voluntary arrangements, zakatable wealth, and possible institutional or fiscal configurations, while keeping modeled scenarios distinct from observed collection.
NB1 — Governance classification: Hybrid Public-Private System refers to the coexistence of public religious coordination through Diyanet and voluntary collection by TDV, a private-law foundation, alongside independent charities and community organizations. It does not imply compulsory state collection or public administration of all zakat flows. A strictly legal classification of collection organizations alone would place greater emphasis on nonprofit actors.
NB2 — Institutional collection: TDV reported collecting TRY 2.152 billion in zakat donations during 2025. This amount covers a single organization and cannot be treated as the national total. Similarly, the TRY 1.328 billion reported for Ramadan 2026 represents assistance funded by zakat, zakat al-fitr, and other contributions, and is not a zakat-only collection figure.
NB3 — Estimated potential: Yıldıran (2025) estimated Türkiye's theoretical zakat potential for 2022 at TRY 560.76–709.09 billion, equivalent to 3.74–4.72% of GDP. The estimates combine statistical microdata, aggregated financial information, alternative religious interpretations, and supplementary agricultural modeling. They represent modeled potential rather than actual payments, expected institutional receipts, or a statistically estimated confidence interval.
NB4 — Religious supervision: Diyanet's High Board of Religious Affairs provides religious guidance relevant to TDV's collection program. This does not constitute a single supervisory arrangement covering every independent charity or local zakat channel in Türkiye.
NB5 — Reporting and distribution: Institutional annual reports and collection figures are available, particularly for TDV, but no consolidated national zakat accounts or verified financial breakdown across the eight asnaf have been identified. Reporting by program, beneficiary group, or country of distribution should not be substituted for religious-category allocation.
NB6 — Historical and functional distinction: Türkiye's foundation and mosque infrastructure is relevant to the contemporary zakat ecosystem, but waqf revenues, general charitable donations, and zakat represent distinct financial categories. Their amounts should only be aggregated when the sources demonstrate consistent definitions and eliminate overlapping flows.
Sources
- Türkiye Diyanet Foundation — Zakat Program
- TDV — 2025 Annual Activities
- TDV — Annual Reports Archive
- Diyanet — Ramadan 2026 Results
- Yıldıran, S. (2025). Public Revenues from the Perspective of Islamic Economics: An Empirical Study on Budgetary Impacts of Zakat Potential and Proposed Tax Reforms in Türkiye.
- TDV — Institutional Status
- High Board of Religious Affairs
- Directorate General of Foundations
- İHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation
- İDDEF
Country profile
United Kingdom
Governance model: NGO / charity-led system
In the United Kingdom, zakat is administered primarily through independent charities, Islamic humanitarian organizations, mosques, and community-based initiatives, without a centralized public collection authority. Organizations operate under the general charity regulatory framework and manage collection, redistribution, and religious supervision through their respective institutional arrangements.
- Centralization Level
- Level 2 NGO/charity-led system
- Apex Institution
- N/A
- Collection / Distribution
- NGO collection / partner distribution
- Shariah Supervision
- Institutional religious committee
- Transparency Level
- Level 4 Annual report with financial and programmatic disaggregation
- Data Availability
- Level 2 Some reports or partial data
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
- N/A
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
The United Kingdom provides a case of zakat administration within a Muslim-minority context, where independent charities and community-based actors operate under a general regulatory framework rather than a dedicated public zakat authority. Its institutional landscape includes domestic redistribution initiatives, internationally oriented humanitarian organizations, and organization-specific Shariah governance arrangements.
The case also raises questions concerning the measurement of informal giving, the geographical allocation of collected funds, and the comparability of institution-level financial reporting. It is therefore relevant to CIRIC's analysis of how religious obligations are translated into institutional arrangements outside state-administered zakat systems.
Annual Collection:
The available sources do not allow for a sufficiently reliable estimate of the annual national total of zakat actually paid or collected in the United Kingdom. There are, however, verified institutional observations, although these are insufficient to serve as a reliable benchmark.
One example is the data from the National Zakat Foundation (NZF):
2023 : Zakat Collected = £7,108,873 / Zakat Distributed: £7,636,898
2024: Zakat Collected = £8,011,147 / Zakat Distributed: £6,316,003
Source: NZF, Impact Reports and Financial Statements, 2023 and 2024. The differences between revenue and distributions reflect, in particular, timing differences and carryovers between fiscal years; this is not a direct annual distribution rate.
NB1: Regarding asnaf allocation, while there are program-based breakdowns and institutional allocation policies, these do not automatically correspond to a national accounting breakdown by ASNAF. Therefore, the Hardship, Housing, and Empowerment amounts published by NZF should not be artificially converted into eight religious categories.
NB2: Regarding reporting and transparence, several organizations publish annual reports, audited financial statements, and program data. However, this does not constitute a harmonized national zakat reporting system. The criteria for transparency and data availability therefore describe documented characteristics of the sector, not a certification of all its stakeholders.
NB3: The committees of NZF and Islamic Relief demonstrate the existence of institutional mechanisms for Shariah oversight. They are neither mandatory for all organizations nor equivalent to a national religious authority.
NB4: Historical estimates suggesting that 98% of funds are distributed outside the United Kingdom are not sufficiently traceable to serve as a published indicator. The 2012 survey found only that 81% of respondents reported giving their zakat abroad. The proportion of amounts actually transferred cannot be deduced from this.
Sources
- NZF Annual Report and Financial Statements 2024
- NZF Annual Report 2023
- NZF Shariah Panel
- UK Charity Commission - NZF
- NZF / Islamic Bank of Britain - Survey 2012
Country profile
United States of America
Governance model: NGO / charity-led system
In the United States, zakat is administered through independent nonprofit organizations, mosques, and community-based networks, without a dedicated public collection authority. Organizations operate under general federal and state charity regulations, with collection and distribution managed through domestic and international channels and religious supervision arranged at the institutional level.
- Centralization Level
- Level 2 NGO/charity-led system
- Apex Institution
- N/A
- Collection / Distribution
- NGO collection / partner distribution
- Shariah Supervision
- Institutional religious committee
- Transparency Level
- Level 3 Annual report available
- Data Availability
- Level 2 Some reports or partial data
- Data Confidence
- Medium
Key institutions
- Zakat Foundation of America
- IDEA — Islamic Development & Empowerment in America
- ICNA Relief USA
- Islamic-American Zakat Foundation
Preliminary CIRIC assessment
The United States provides a case of decentralized, nonprofit-led zakat administration in a Muslim-minority context. Its institutional landscape combines registered charities, mosque-based initiatives, informal giving practices, and transnational humanitarian networks operating within the broader American nonprofit framework.
The coexistence of audited organizational accounts, independently conducted household surveys, and less visible informal transfers makes the United States relevant for examining the distinction between institutional financial reporting and the total volume of religious giving. The case also provides opportunities to study organization-specific Shariah governance, domestic and international allocation choices, and the relationship between charitable regulation and religious institutional autonomy.
NB1: The “NGO/Charity-led System” category describes the main institutionally identifiable organizations. It does not imply that mosques, community networks, and individual donations play a secondary role in terms of volume; rather, there is insufficient national data to measure this.
NB2: Regarding data availability, the United States has several institutional series and academic reports. However, it does not have a national public database that consolidates zakat payments, particularly those made through mosques and informal transfers.
NB3: It is essential to distinguish between zakat, sadaqah, and total philanthropic donations. The estimate of $4.3 billion circulating in some publications appears to stem from confusion with the overall figures for Muslim philanthropy; the primary 2022 academic report by Siddiqui et al. accurately puts the 2021 zakat figure at approximately $1.8 billion.
Sources
- Zakat Foundation of America (2023), Audited Financial Statements, Year Ended June 30, 2023.
- Zakat Foundation of America (2024), Annual Report 2024
- Zakat Foundation of America — Consolidated Financial Statements FY2025
- Siddiqui, S., Wasif, R., Hughes, M., Parlberg, A., & Noor, Z. (2022). Muslim American Zakat Report 2022.
- Hughes, M., & Ajmal, M. (2023). Muslim American Zakat Report 2023. Muslim Philanthropy Initiative.
Countries at a glance
| Country | Governance Model | Centralization Level | Apex Institution | Authority | Transparency Level | Collection Volume (millions USD) | GDP Share (%) | Data Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | Voluntary public system | Level 5Fully centralized national public body | National Office of Awqaf and Zakat (ONWZ) | Ministry of Religious Affairs and Wakfs | Level 1Website only | 12.32024 | 0 | Medium |
| Egypt | Hybrid public-private system | Level 3Semi-public or hybrid system | N/A | Grand Imam of Al-Azhar (Bait Al-Zakat); Nasser Social Bank under the Ministry of Social Solidarity (its affiliated zakat committees) | Level 2Occasional reports | — | — | Medium |
| India | Fragmented / community-based system | Level 1Fragmented private/community actors | N/A | N/A | Level 4Annual report with financial and programmatic disaggregation | — | — | Medium |
| Indonesia | Voluntary public system | Level 4Federal/state-level public system | Badan Amil Zakat Nasional (BAZNAS) | Ministry-level, state-regulated framework under Law No. 23/2011 | Level 3Annual report available | 1,6502024 | 0.122024 | Medium |
| Kuwait | Voluntary public system | Level 3Semi-public or hybrid system | Kuwait Zakat House (Bait Al-Zakat) | Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs; Ministry of Finance for the statutory corporate levy | Level 4Annual report with financial and programmatic disaggregation | 1002023 | 0.062023 | Medium |
| Malaysia | Voluntary public system | Level 4Federal/state-level public system | State Islamic Religious Councils | State Islamic Religious Councils / state religious authorities | Level 2Occasional reports | 8452025 | 0.182025 | Medium |
| Morocco | Fragmented / community-based system | Level 1Fragmented private/community actors | N/A | N/A | Level 0No report identified | — | — | Medium |
| Pakistan | Hybrid public-private system | Level 4Federal/state-level public system | Central Zakat Council / Central Zakat Fund, with significant provincial implementation through Provincial Zakat Councils and Provincial Zakat Funds. Current apex arrangements should be verified because zakat administration has been substantially provincialized. | Provincial Departments of Zakat and Ushr; federal/provincial supervisory arrangements to verify. The Sindh audit also refers to the Ministry of Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety in the allocation chain. | Level 2Occasional reports | 2,2352024 | 0.62024 | Medium |
| Saudi Arabia | Mandatory public system | Level 5Fully centralized national public body | ZATCA | — | Level 4Annual report with financial and programmatic disaggregation | 4,3602025 | 0.342025 | High |
| Türkiye | Hybrid public-private system | Level 3Semi-public or hybrid system | N/A | Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet), for religious coordination with TDV; Directorate General of Foundations and relevant civil-society regulators for general legal oversight | Level 3Annual report available | — | — | Medium |
| United Kingdom | NGO / charity-led system | Level 2NGO/charity-led system | N/A | Charity Commission for England and Wales; Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR); Charity Commission for Northern Ireland (CCNI) | Level 4Annual report with financial and programmatic disaggregation | — | — | Medium |
| United States of America | NGO / charity-led system | Level 2NGO/charity-led system | N/A | Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and relevant state charity regulators, for general nonprofit oversight; no dedicated public zakat authority | Level 3Annual report available | — | — | Medium |
No country matches these filters.
Help us improve the map
CIRIC’s Global Zakat Map is a living research project. If you represent a zakat institution, research center, public authority, NGO, mosque network or Islamic finance actor, you may help us improve the database by submitting verified information, reports or institutional contacts.
Methodology: how to read this map
The map describes how zakat is organised in each country and what is publicly documented about it. This is a beta: the data is under verification and each entry may change as sources are checked.
Descriptive labels, not judgments
Every label on this map says what a system is or what is documented about it. None says how well it works.
- Centralized does not mean effective
- Digitalised does not mean transparent
- Mandatory does not mean legitimate
- An annual report does not mean impact
- A high volume does not mean good redistribution
- A Shariah board does not mean sound governance
Governance model
The colour of a country. The categories are not ordered: none is a step above another.
- Mandatory public system
- Voluntary public system
- Hybrid public-private system
- NGO / charity-led system
- Fragmented / community-based system
- Under review / insufficient data
Three indicators on a 0–5 ladder
Each level describes a position on a ladder of organisation or documentation. Levels are not scores: they are not added up or averaged, and a higher level is not a better one.
Centralization level
- Level 0No identifiable formal system
- Level 1Fragmented private/community actors
- Level 2NGO/charity-led system
- Level 3Semi-public or hybrid system
- Level 4Federal/state-level public system
- Level 5Fully centralized national public body
Data availability level
- Level 0No usable public data
- Level 1Basic institutional information only
- Level 2Some reports or partial data
- Level 3Annual figures available, but limited disaggregation
- Level 4Regular reports with collection/distribution data
- Level 5Detailed multi-year, disaggregated, downloadable data
Transparency level
- Level 0No report identified
- Level 1Website only
- Level 2Occasional reports
- Level 3Annual report available
- Level 4Annual report with financial and programmatic disaggregation
- Level 5Annual report, audited accounts, asnaf breakdown, methodology and historical series
Data confidence
How sure CIRIC is of a record: High, Medium or Low. It speaks of the record, not of the country.